The English Language and Somaliland: a strategic relationship
In Somaliland, a breakaway state in the Horn of Africa, the English language is a gateway to opportunity, innovation and international engagement. As Somaliland strives for economic growth and international recognition, mastering English is essential for its future success.
Since breaking away from Somalia in 1991, Somaliland has functioned as an autonomous region, using its own currency, issuing its own passports and holding elections (most recently in November 2024). Whilst some see it as a stable respite in an otherwise turbulent region, it still remains one of the poorest areas in the world.
The history of English in Somaliland
Somaliland’s relationship with the English language reflects the political history of the region.
The region’s first official language is Somali, a language with a strong oral tradition and a powerful poetic heritage. The second language, Arabic, was introduced in the 1300s with the widespread conversion to Islam and the construction of mosques and theological schools.
English-language education in Somaliland began during the British protectorate era (1888–1960). The British administration introduced English as a medium of instruction in schools, primarily to prepare local elites for administrative roles. With only a small portion of the population able to access this education, a social divide emerged between those in government positions, who spoke English, and the rest of the Somali-speaking population. English language use was therefore never widespread and Somali and Arabic continued to be used for daily life.
After independence and the unification with Somalia in 1960, Somali became the official language and the teaching of English diminished. The introduction of the Somali Latin Script in 1973 enabled Somali to be used easily in administration, further delaying the development of English as a common language.
However, Somaliland’s unilateral declaration of independence in 1991 reignited the need for English to access global markets, attract international partners, and strengthen its educational system. Therefore, the use of English was once again promoted in the region. Though not constitutionally recognised, it was introduced as the language of instruction at secondary (high) school and university levels, cementing its place today as an official language in Somaliland.
The role of English in Somaliland’s education system
Today, English plays a central role in Somaliland’s education system, particularly at the secondary and tertiary levels. However, the gap between policy and implementation remains wide.
Students attending private schools in Somaliland are much more likely to have acceptable English levels, since instruction is often in English and Arabic. In government schools, however, the lack of trained teachers means that, despite the official language policy, English proficiency levels are very low.
Most universities in Somaliland use English as the primary medium of instruction, reflecting its importance in accessing academic resources, engaging in research and fostering international collaborations. However, institutions face the challenge of enrolling candidates proficient enough to excel in the courses. In 2012, the Somaliland Ministry of Education acknowledged that this was likely due to the lack of English programmes at secondary level. Then in 2014, they introduced the much-needed National Education Curriculum Framework for Transformation, identifying English as the official language of instruction for secondary level. Despite this, in 2017 the Ministry reported that its targets for the improvement of English literacy had not been met due to the government’s failure to implement quality programmes.
The fact is that most schools simply are not equipped to give instruction entirely in English due to challenges including limited resources, a lack of qualified teachers and the absence of standardised language curricula. This highlights the need for continued investment in English education in Somaliland to ensure widespread competency.
The influence of English on the Somaliland economy
Pharo Foundation is one organisation working to increase youth employability in Somaliland through vocational training for industries such as construction and energy. WTI has partnered with them to deliver English language training alongside their vocational courses.
Somaliland’s economy, currently heavily reliant on diaspora remittances, would benefit significantly from increased English proficiency. It would allow Somalilanders to negotiate with international partners, expand export markets and attract foreign investment. Moreover, as the Horn of Africa becomes more accessible for global trade, for example through the recently developed Port of Berbera, English can position Somaliland as a competitive player in regional and global economic initiatives.
Businesses in Somaliland increasingly recognise the value of hiring English-speaking employees to improve communication with international clients and partners. For Somaliland’s youth in particular, proficiency in English would therefore open doors to employment opportunities including remote work and global organisations. With an increase in competitive employment opportunities in the region, Somaliland could avoid the feared ‘brain drain’ of skilled youth emigrating.
Without strong English skills, Somaliland risks isolating its youth from these opportunities, which are vital for progress. It is therefore essential that English language provision in the region rises to meet this need.
The future of English in Somaliland
As Somaliland navigates the challenges and opportunities ahead, the importance of English cannot be overstated. It is a bridge to global engagement, economic prosperity and educational advancement. By prioritising English education and proficiency, Somaliland can empower its people, especially its youth, to build a future that is competitive and connected to the world. Investing in English is not just a practical necessity; it is a strategic decision to secure Somaliland’s place on the global stage.
WTI has just launched its education programmes in Somaliland, with a focus on improving the English language skills of teachers and students, including through teacher training, curriculum support and community engagement. In collaboration with local institutions such as Edna Adan University and The Pharo Foundation, we aim to address the challenges in Somaliland’s English education, leading to growth and development for the region.
We are pleased to introduce WTI’s new team in Somaliland, including four English Language trainers and our Programme Coordinator Sahra Hassan (second from left). With a wealth of experience in English Language Education and an in-depth knowledge of the Somaliland context, they are excited to lay the foundations of systemic educational development in Somaliland.